Investment Property in Portugal

By Mark Quinn
This article is published on: 21st June 2022

21.06.22

I’m often asked for my opinion on property as an investment, either in Portugal or elsewhere and I must admit it doesn’t tick many boxes as an investment.

For example, it is generally subject to income tax, capital gains tax and succession tax, as well as ongoing local rates. It cannot be converted into cash quickly or easily (illiquid) and it is expensive and time-consuming to maintain. It can also come with administrative issues such as unruly tenants, rental void periods and due to its static nature, it is difficult to plan around.

Having said this, property continues to be a popular investment choice as it is easy to understand and you can touch it, giving investors a sense of security and reduced risk. Additionally, we probably all know a few ‘property millionaires’. So, what are the planning angles and how can you ‘get out’ and enjoy your spoils tax efficiently?

Capital gains tax (CGT)
Portuguese residents are subject to capital gains tax (CGT) on their worldwide property gains, unless the property was purchased before 1st January 1989, in which case CGT does not apply.

For Non-Habitual Residents (NHR) selling Portuguese property and non-NHRs, CGT is due on 50% of the gain and is added to your other income in that tax year and taxed at scale rates. In addition to this, if the property is located overseas, tax may also be due in the country the property is located. However, if there is a double taxation agreement between the two countries e.g. Portugal and the UK, you should not pay tax twice on the same gain.

Portuguese property
NHR status does not have an impact on the taxation of Portuguese property. The tax treatment is the same for NHR and normal residents, but despite the potential for eye-watering levels of tax, there are some reliefs available if the property you are selling is your main home – it does not apply to rental property sold in Portugal. The two reliefs mentioned can be used in isolation or conjunction.

Main residence relief: You can mitigate all – or a portion of – the CGT by reinvesting the proceeds into another property in the EU or EEA. Any amount not reinvested is taxed
Reinvestment into a qualifying pension or long-term savings structure: This is a relatively recent relief and is particularly advantageous for those wishing to downsize (and therefore will not fully reinvest the sale proceeds), or for those moving back to the UK or elsewhere outside of the EU/EEA. There are strict criteria for qualification and we can advise on this area but most notably, you or your spouse must be retired or above 65 and the gain must be reinvested in a qualifying structure

Non-Habitual Residence (NHR)
NHR gives those selling foreign property an advantage as gains are exempt from CGT in Portugal. But what about the tax due in the country the property is located? Let’s look at UK property as an example. The UK only applies CGT to gains accumulated since 6th April 2015 and you will also have your annual CGT allowance to deduct of £12,300 per person. Additional reliefs may also apply, further reducing any gains, but this will depend on whether the property sold was your home or an investment property.

For example, if you bought an investment property in Portugal in 1992 for £100,000 and it was sold today at £1m, ordinarily tax would be due on the £900k gain. But selling this as a non-UK resident, you only pay tax on the gain since April 2015. Using the straight-line method, the gain is £212,000 from which you can deduct your annual CGT allowance, leaving a taxable gain of £199,700. Assuming you had no UK income in that tax year, the tax due to HMRC would be £52,146 which is an effective rate of 5.7%.

Are you domicile or non-domicile?

By Mark Quinn
This article is published on: 16th June 2022

16.06.22

Domicile is often confused with residence, but it is quite distinct

The law of domicile is highly complex and has wide-ranging consequences on an individual’s tax position, as the recent furore surrounding Akshata Murty illustrates, but for most British nationals here in Portugal, domicile is a key factor for UK Inheritance Tax (IHT).

Individuals only have one domicile at a time and a very loose definition is ‘where you have a permanent home’. In my experience, this is often misunderstood and individuals who thought they were ‘definitely non-UK domiciled’ after living in Portugal for several years learn that in fact, they are very much still UK domiciled.

The are several types of domicile, namely ‘Origin’, ‘Choice’, ‘Dependence’ and ‘Deemed’ but here I will focus on the first two. Firstly, ‘Origin’. This is acquired at birth, usually from your father (or your mother if they were not married at the time of your birth). This is never fully lost but can be suspended by acquiring a new domicile of choice, but it is adhesive and will revive if the new domicile is lost.

Acquiring a domicile of choice involves forming a clear and fixed intention for a new country to be your permanent home, and therefore actually requires permanent residence.

Being non-UK domiciled is highly advantageous for UK IHT
The worldwide estates of UK domiciles are assessed for IHT in the UK, even if you live elsewhere. For non-UK domiciles, generally only UK based assets are assessed. It is worth noting here, that assets that derive their value from the UK but are held elsewhere e.g. company shares, will be deemed to be UK assets.

Shedding UK domicile is tricky
The burden of proof lies with the person claiming the change and the standard is particularly onerous. There is no checklist and your circumstances are looked at as a whole. Some factors that might be considered are family and business ties, location of friends and social interests, location of assets, acquisition of citizenship or languages spoken.

The adhesive nature of domicile is highlighted by Richard Burton’s failed attempt to change his domicile, which resulted in an IHT bill of £2.4m. Despite him living in Switzerland for 26 years, structuring his assets appropriately and subsequently dying there, the revenue was successful in arguing that his ‘mind and heart’ still remained in Wales. Their evidence being his choice to have the Welsh flag draped over his coffin and being buried with a book of Dylan Thomas poems. As you can see, what can be considered is very broad.

Traps
Non-domiciles by choice with a UK domicile of origin must be very careful with return visits to the UK, especially if they have a second home there. If they die as UK tax resident (by exceeding their day count) and were also deemed UK tax resident in one of the two preceding tax years, they are automatically deemed UK domiciled and their worldwide estate is subject to IHT.

A new domicile is retained until the new country is permanently abandoned, but unless another one is acquired immediately, your UK domicile of origin will revert automatically – even if you never set foot in the UK again.

Mixed domiciled couples must be careful. Normally assets passing between spouses are IHT exempt, but assets passing from a UK- domicile to a non-UK domiciled spouse are only exempt up to £325,000 unless they elect to be treated as UK domiciled for IHT purposes. This has a knock-on effect on their subsequent death. Usually, any challenge will come after your death, and it is up to your personal representatives to prove your intentions in life and gather evidence – which may not be possible, so you must ensure your record-keeping and evidence is strong.

Keep up to date - join our series of seminars and webinars in Portugal

Falling investment markets

By Mark Quinn
This article is published on: 9th June 2022

09.06.22

Markets have fallen recently with concerns over rising inflation and interest rates and the war in Ukraine. In this uncertain environment, clients are asking me: “should I sell?”, and those with cash to invest are uncertain if now is the right time to commit to investing.

Why do falling investment markets cause concern?
Rather than seeing movements in markets as being completely normal and part of the regular cycle in markets, I believe the media instills fear among investors. I follow the financial news every day and read headlines dominated by talk of slumps, crashes, stagnations, recessions etc. but rarely see positive news stories about investments and markets such as how many global stock markets reached all-time highs in 2021.

This is getting worse with internet-based news as “click bait” headlines are used to prompt us to click through to read these apparently disturbing events.

Humans are bad investors
Our brains are not designed to make sound investment decisions as we are subject to biases and cognitive distortions and our emotions, rather than fact and logic, overly influence our decisions. One of our biggest weaknesses is our loss aversion which can lead to not taking advantage of investing at low prices during market falls.

Professionals versus amateurs
We often see professional investors reacting in an opposite manner to the general public/retail investors. Many retail investors will sell and are fearful when markets fall but professionals will be taking advantage of lower prices and be purchasing investments.

Context for investing
It is important to reassess exactly why you should invest. Most people do so to protect their lifestyle as they want to ensure their investment and pensions maintain their real value after inflation over time – this isn’t possible in cash.

If you are investing for the long term, then you increase your chances of generating longer term growth and we know that, even though markets may go lower in the short term, over the longer term you are “stacking the odds” in your favour.

Time is on your side with investing
Data shows that the risk of stock market investment reduces with the time you spend in the market as you have the ability to weather the short term ‘blips’ in market. For this reason there is a popular stock market adage that time in the market is more important than timing the market.

Holding through downturn
The benefits of holding though short-term falls in the market were highlighted to me recently by Terry Smith, manager of the Fundsmith fund. He gave an example of a share he purchased at the end of 2007 for $7.07 and by 26th February 2008 it had lost almost 40% of its value at $4.28 – this promoted a lot of investor anger at his decision. However, this short term blip is dwarfed by the enormous increase the share price subsequently enjoyed, increasing in value to $172.39 by 4th February 2022. The company was Apple, until just last week the most valuable company in the world.

Tips for investors in this climate

Invest as early as possible and remain invested – act against ‘herd’ instinct
Remove the psychology from investment – draw up an investment plan and stick with it
Minimise tax – one of the biggest eroders of investment returns
Minimize fees on your investments and pensions – another big eroder of returns
Asset allocation – predicting which parts of the market will weather the storm better is difficult, so ensure you have a correctly constructed portfolio which is widely diversified and importantly, has corelation benefits

Have you completed your tax returns in France?

By Katriona Murray-Platon
This article is published on: 3rd June 2022

03.06.22

The tax season is almost over! Those of you living in departments numbered 55 to 976 still have until 8th June at 11.59 pm to submit your tax return online or if you have engaged an accountancy firm to do your tax return they also have another week or so to submit any returns. I would not advise trying to contact an accountancy firm at the moment because they are very busy and they won’t be able to start working on your tax return until the deadline has passed. The best thing is to have a go at it yourself and then correct it later in the year. Your initial return, submitted by the deadline, will result in a tax statement. If you decide to amend the return, you will get an initial tax statement and then later an amended tax statement.

Once you have done your tax return you can expect to receive your tax statement as follows:

If you submitted it online and you have paid too much tax or exactly what is owed you will receive your statement between 25th July and 5th August.
If you submitted by post and you have paid too much tax you will get your statement between 29th July and 31st August;
If you submitted your tax return by post but you have paid exactly the right amount of tax you will get your statement between 2nd August and 31st August;
If you submitted online but there is still tax to pay you will get your statement between 29th July and 5th August,
If you submitted on paper and there is tax for you to pay you will get your statement between 5th August and 26th August.

If you have paid too much tax you should get the reimbursement around these periods. If you have tax to pay it should be taken from your bank account automatically. If not you have until 20th September to pay online. The money won’t be taken out of your account until 26th September. If you owe more than €300 tax, this amount will be taken in four payments between 26th September and 27th December 2022. If the amount due is less than or equal to €300 then this amount will be taken out in one payment on 26th September. Please remember that during September the 9th instalment of your monthly payment of income tax will be taken on 15th September, so you may have two tax payments in September (and in the following months if you owe more than €300).

A situation was brought to my attention about Capital Gains Tax on the main residence when you leave France. There was a court case in 2017 which reached the French Constitutional Court regarding the exemption from capital gains tax for the main residence. Whereas a French resident may vacate his/her main residence and has 12 months to sell it for it still to benefit from the main residence exemption, according to this decision if you are no longer French tax resident at the time of sale you lose this exemption on the capital gains.

Furthermore under Article 150 U, paragraph 2, line 2, of the French Tax Code the capital gains from the sale of a property are exempt from tax “for the sale of a property situated in France where the seller is an individual, not French resident, a national of a Member State of the European Union or another State which is part of the EEA having agreed with France an administrative assistance agreement to fight against fraud and tax evasion and provided that the person was tax resident in France continuously for at least two years at any period before the sale. The exemption mentioned in the first line of this second line applies only to one property per tax payer and up to €150,000 of net taxable capital gain, to sales carried out:
a) no later than 31st December of the fifth year following the year in which the seller ceased to be tax resident in France,
b) with no time restrictions, when the property is freely available to the seller at least since 1st January of the year before the sale”.

It is this section of the French Tax Code which could, according to some Notaires, no longer apply to British citizens selling their French properties and returning to the UK since Britain is no longer part of the EU. I have spoken to two Notaires about this and neither seemed to be bothered about it. But Notaires can take different views on things. So if you (or someone you know) are planning to sell what is currently your main residence in France and move back to the UK make sure you clarify exactly what you have to do with your local Notaire and do not move back to the UK and establish UK tax residency before the sale is complete.

After a busy month of May with many people contacting me with tax questions, I am looking forward to a more normal month of June and getting out in the sunny weather to see clients. So if you would like to arrange an appointment or need to speak to me about any matters please do get in touch!

Download the 2022 French Tax Guide here

Spanish Tax on Personal Pensions

By John Hayward
This article is published on: 1st June 2022

01.06.22

Further to the recent article written by my colleague Charles Hutchinson regarding temporary annuities and their taxation of annuities in Spain, I am expanding on the tax treatment of personal pensions generally.

Depending on the type of retirement income that you are receiving, it will either be taxed as regular income, “work” income as the Spanish call it, or savings (passive) income with a different set of tax rates being applying to each type. It is generally understood that the income from pension plans that received tax relief (effectively where the contributions were deducted from income before tax was calculated) will be treated as work income.

The word “annuity” is used in a general sense in the UK as the regular payment which comes from a pension scheme. It is possible to convert a personal pension fund to an annuity, with a view to guaranteeing a fixed income for life albeit waiving the right to the capital value of the pension pot. Whether or not it is advisable to purchase an annuity is another matter. This will depend on personal circumstances.

As far as Spain is concerned, an annuity is a form of income that attracts favourable tax treatment. An annuity in Spain is either temporary or for the whole of life. The annuity is purchased. It is not income drawn from an existing pension fund unless that fund is encashed to buy the annuity. At that point though there is the possibility of a large tax bill on the encashment.

Yes, I want to book an initial call to discuss my penions in Spain

The key points here are that:

Not all pension income is treated the same way for tax
Declaring work income as an annuity is not correct and, if reported intentionally in this manner, it is possible that it will be treated as fraud. The Spanish tax office is making a special effort right now to check on this. They can go back at least 4 years with their investigations
Care should be taken when accessing retirement income to make certain that, not only is it being declared in a lawful way, but also that you do not leave yourself open to a nasty and unexpected tax bill

Contact me today for more information on how we can help you to protect your assets from unnecessary taxation and make more from your money, protecting your income streams against inflation and low interest rates, to talk about Spanish Tax on Personal Pensions or for any other financial and tax planning information contact me at:

john.hayward@spectrum-ifa.com or call (+34) 618 204 731 (WhatsApp).

Buying property in Portugal

By Mark Quinn
This article is published on: 28th May 2022

28.05.22

At the start of the buying process it is essential to sort out your residency status, financials and tax planning before you can buy a property in Portugal.

Our Portugal Manager recently spoke to Rebecca Thomson, Co-founder and Real Estate Consultant at Liberty Real Estate about the simple steps one must take before making the move.

Mark expertly explains how to apply for residency in Portugal, various visas and how to benefit from the NHR scheme.

Non-EU citizens, including the British post-Brexit, who wish to permanently settle in Portugal, must apply for a visa for the right to stay. EU citizens on the other hand have the right to freedom of movement and therefore have an automatic right to stay, so do not need to apply for a visa.

There are several visa options available in Portugal and the most common are the Golden Visa and the D7 visa.

Both visas allow access to the Schengen area, ultimate permanent residence or Portuguese citizenship, and a gateway into the Non Habitual Residence (NHR) tax scheme.

The key difference between the two programs comes down to one of cost versus flexibility. The D7 visa is clearly a lower cost route to Portuguese residency, both in terms of the fees and that there is no investment requirement as for the Golden Visa. However, the D7 route does have substantially longer minimum stay requirements.

So, if you are thinking of making a move to Portugal, or would like to benefit from the available tax incentives, watch the full interview in our informative video below.

Investment management styles

By Mark Quinn
This article is published on: 27th May 2022

27.05.22

There are several different investment management styles to consider and each will have benefits and drawbacks. The key difference are between a managed/active/discretionary route, and a passive/tracker approach, and this can be a divisive area within the investment industry.

In order to put into context the differences between these styles and which approach may be right for you, let’s first look at what a stock market index is.

An index simply measures the performance of a group/basket of shares. For example, the S&P 500 index tracks the performance of the shares in the largest 500 companies in America. As the US market is the largest stock market in the world, and the US is the world’s largest economy, it is often seen as a barometer for the health of global markets in general. The equivalent index in the UK is the FTSE 100 index.

Managed/active management/discretionary
Historically, most private investors would invest through a fund manager. In this way, you would pay an annual percentage fee to an investment institution to actively manage your investment i.e. make the buying and selling decision on your behalf.

The aim of investing in managed investments is to generate better investment returns than the stock market index as a whole, or another appropriate benchmark.

Discretionary investment is a specialist branch of managed investment whereby the manager has a greater range of investment powers and freedoms to make buying and selling decisions without your consent (although always within with the remit and investment powers that you grant at outset).

Over recent years there have been numerous studies to suggest that many fund managers do not achieve their aims of beating their respective benchmarks, and it has led some investors to favour a “passive” investment approach.

Passive or index trackers
Passive investment does not employ a fund manger to make decisions, and instead of trying to outperform the market, you simply ‘buy’ the market as a whole. For example by investing in an S&P 500 tracker, you would effectively be purchasing the top 500 shares in the US stock market.

The key difference between the managed style is cost i.e. whereas a manager may charge between 1-2% per annum to manage your fund, you can access a tracker fund from as little as 0.1% which can make a huge difference to your fund value cumulatively.

Proponents of this approach accept they will only even achieve the return of the market as a whole (with no outperformance) but because you are spending far less in fees, believe they will do better over the longer term.

Proponents of active management on the other hand highlight the drawbacks of the passive approach viz. in a falling market, you will only ever track a falling market, tracker funds “blindly” sell what may otherwise be high quality investments at inopportune times, and that tracker investments can still be complex to understand, such as the difference between ‘synthetic’ versus ‘physical’ tracking methods.

Summary – balance pays
As my previous two articles have demonstrated, tax and investment planning generally involves shades of grey, rather than black and white solutions and in practice we do not believe either approach is the ‘holy grail’.

Rather each management style can offer benefits within a balanced portfolio. Holding passives can reduce the overall cost of your portfolio (thus increasing your net return) and using managed funds can complement by avoiding “blind” automatic sales and potential downside mitigation.

Whichever route you choose, minimising fund fees is crucial as it is the biggest eroder of returns over time.

Spanish Tax Guide 2022

By John Hayward
This article is published on: 24th May 2022

24.05.22

Over the past year or so, with Covid-19 restrictions being lifted and impact of Brexit becoming clearer, we have received many enquiries regarding taxation in Spain, not only from people who are looking to move to Spain but also from those who already live in Spain, in some cases for many years. There are areas of tax that are complex, not helped by the fact that you might receive different opinions on the same tax subject.

In countries such as England, Wales, and the United States of America, there is a Common Law code. Established in England in medieval times, it is based mainly on case law. A decision made many years ago could still apply today. This is a system which has allowed us to get used procedures which have been in place for a long time. This is not necessarily the case in Spain.

Spain, like other countries in Europe, have a Civil Law code. Within this system, rules can be updated regularly. As flexible as this system is, unless you are completely up to date with the latest rules, which may only have been recently altered, it makes it extremely difficult to know how exactly you should be declaring your income and gains in Spain.

Please click on the link below to download our latest Spanish tax guide which is designed to give you a better understanding of the different Spanish taxes, to whom they apply, and when they need to be paid. Spain is made up of autonomous regions and so there can be different rules and tax rates that apply.

Download your tax guide here

However, the general principles are the same or similar throughout the Spain. You will be subject to at least one of these.

Income Tax
Inheritance Tax
Gift Tax
Wealth Tax
Capital Gains Tax

If you have any questions, please get in contact. If we do not know the answer to your tax questions, we know someone that does.

Book a zoom or call with me now

Arts Society de La Frontera

By Charles Hutchinson
This article is published on: 24th May 2022

24.05.22

The Spectrum IFA Group again co-sponsored an excellent Arts Society de La Frontera lecture on the 18th May at the newly renovated San Roque Golf & Country Club on the Costa del Sol. We were represented by one of our local and long-serving advisers, Charles Hutchinson, who attended along with another Costa del Sol based partner Jeremy Ferguson and his wife Michelle in her role as his personal assistant.

The Arts Society is a leading global arts charity which opens up the world of the arts through a network of local societies and national events throughout the world.

With inspiring monthly lectures given by some of the UK’s top experts, together with days of special interest, educational visits and cultural holidays, the Arts Society is a great way to learn, have fun and make new and lasting friendships.

At this event, over 180 attendees were entertained by a talk on the fabulous Spanish painter Joaquin Sorolla “Master of Light” by Arantxa Sardina from the Tate Gallery in London. She gave an impressive lecture, revealing what a true master he is amongst the other well known impressionists of the early 20th century.

The talk was followed by a drinks reception with a musician and youth art exhibition which included a free raffle for prizes including Charles´s gift of a book on the artist, champagne, orchids and Jeremy supplied liqueur.

It was the best turnout we have had for a few years, which was largely due to it being the last lecture of the season combined with the art exhibition and relaxation of Covid rules. A very successful event at a wonderful venue.

The Spectrum IFA Group was very proud to be involved with such a fantastic organization during its current global expansion and we hope to have the opportunity again in the next season.

Removing Confusion on Spain and UK Tax Situation Especially Pensions

By Barry Davys
This article is published on: 23rd May 2022

23.05.22

It is clear from calls and messages to me from people seeking advice there is much confusion regarding taxation when we live in Spain and have income or capital gains in the UK. Sometimes, these calls happen when people have received a letter from the Agencia Tributaria (Hacienda).

My wish is to clarify the situation so that there are no back taxes, fines nor interest to pay in Spain.

This framework will clarify the position and I include specifics regarding pensions. Tax can be, well taxing, so this framework is to help with understanding the overall situation, not to provide specific advice for your situation.

Who’s this for?
This article is for all British people who live in Spain.

Overview
A framework to help explain how do we pay tax on pensions from the UK when living in Spain?

Why to read this article?
This article is written in response to a very sad situation where a pensioner here has been hit by fines, back tax and interest from four years ago because of a mis-understanding on how to organise his tax on his UK pension. It is likely that further fines will follow for other years. The total amount of fines and interest could amount to €21,000

Your commitment
Taking the time to read the article and requesting an initial telephone or Zoom meeting below, if you want help for your specific situation.

Yes, I would like to arrange a conversation about my situation

Your Tax Framework

Top of the framework is to understand that when we have taxable events in more than one country, the country of our residency is the “controlling tax authority”. They have the final say on what tax must be paid.

If you live in Spain more than 183 days in a calendar year your controlling tax authority is Spain. It does not matter if you also pay tax in the UK.

How this works is as follows:

Declare your worldwide gross income and capital gains on our La Renta (M100) Remember it is a self assessment form and so it is our responsibility to do so
At the end of the La Renta form is a box for entering tax paid in a country with a double taxation agreement with Spain. Put the tax paid in this box or insist your gestor does so. Even post Brexit the double taxation agreement is still in force
UK pensions gross income all have to be reported in Spain

If you live outside the UK and provide a certificate of tax residency in Spain you can claim dividends, bank interest and even private pensions without paying UK tax (because you will pay tax in Spain).

Pensions, however, are a great source of confusion. The UK retains the right to tax state pensions, military pensions, civil service pensions and a number of others. Previously these did not have to be reported in Spain. They do now!

Tips on pension tax

On private pensions and most company pensions ask the provider to pay you gross
If you have a UK pension where it is automatically taxed or is a state pension, record all tax paid in the UK and get proof of payment from the pension provider
Report the gross figures in Spain
Your state pension is paid weekly, not 12 monthly so remember to include all payments in the calendar year
Ensure that any tax paid is listed in the La Renta box for countries with double taxation agreements. Result – no double taxation
If the tax paid is missed off this box, try to make a Refund of Tax using UK HMRC form R43 and or form R40. It may be possible depending on your circumstances
One word of warning. Do not use companies offering to reclaim your tax for you. They are expensive, some may be improper and you can easily send the form yourself

For an initial call to find out more, choose a time for a phone call or Zoom meeting that is convenient for you CLICK HERE

In my profession as a financial adviser for international people living in Spain I have a clear understanding of tax rules and recommend that you employ a good local tax adviser. This article is not tax advice as it may not reflect your personal circumstances. It is merely a framework to help with your understanding. I hope this article provides more clarity on the issue and helps when you do go to a tax adviser.